Kesinai

Kesinai
Scientific Name	Streblus asper Lour
Family	Moraceae
Common Names	Malay: Kesinai, serinar .English: Sandpaper tree, siamese rough bush, tooth brush tree. Indonesia: Peleh, serut
Synonym	Diplothorax tonkinensis Gagnep,Streblus monoicus Gagnep

{slider=Geographical & Distribution}

Distributed from Sri Lanka and India to Malaysia,  Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand.

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{slider=General Appearance}

Large shrub, crooked stem, bark light grey. The Leaves are arranged alternately,elliptical to reverse egg shaped with size of 1.2-13cmx0.6-6.5 cm. The base is partially heaqrt-shaped to partially triangular. Often slightly asymetrical while the apex is acute or partially acute; margin is serrate, dentate or has small teeth and is rough to touch on both sides. The stalk measures 1-3 mm long and hairy. Flowers unisexual. Male flowers are small and have stalk heads 4-10mm in diameter. Female flower are solitary of several together with long pedical. The ovary is with prominent bifid stigmatic arms. Fruit is spherical drupe with measures 6-8 mm long and in yellow to orange colour. The spherical seed is 4-5 mm in diametre.

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{slider=Chemical Contents}

Root bark :Cardiac glycosides. Others are kamloside, asperoside, strebloside, indroside, cannodimemoside, strophalloside, strophanolloside, 16-O-acetylglucogitomethoside, glucogitodimethoside, glucokamloside, sarmethoside and glucostrebloside. The other glycosides reported from the roots include b-sitosterol-3-O-b-d-arabinofuranosyl- O-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-O-b-d-glucopyranoside, lupanol-3-O-b-d-glucopyranosyl-[1-5]-O-b-d-xylofuranoside  and vijaloside, i.e. periplogenin-3-O-b-d-glucopyranosyl-[ 1-5]-O-b-d-xylopyranoside.

Stem bark : α-amyrin acetate, lupeol acetate, β-sitosterol, α-amyrin, lupeol and diol, strebloside and mansonin  have been isolated. A pregnane glycoside named sioraside has also been isolated. n-Triacontane, tetraiacontan-3-one, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, betulin and oleanolic acid were identified from the aerial parts . An unidentified cardenolide, β-sitosterol, α-amyrin and lupeol were isolated from root bark and leaves .

The volatile oil  from fresh leaves : 0.005% yield as a brown liquid. The major constituents of the volatile oil were phytol (45.1%), α-farnesene (6.4%), trans-farnesyl acetate (5.8%), caryophyllene (4.9%) and trans-trans-a-farnesene (2.0%). The other constituents were α-copaene, β-elemene, caryophyllene, geranyl acetone, germacrene, ∂-cadinene, caryophyllene oxide and 8-heptadecene (Rastogi S. et al 2006).

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{slider=Traditional Uses}

In India the plant used for leprosy, piles, diarrhea, dysentery, elephantiasis and cancer.

Root: as an application to unhealtyh ulcers and sinuses and as antidote to snake bite, in epilepsy and obesity.

Stem: Toothache;

Stem bark: given in fever, dysentry and diarhea, stomachache, urinary complaints, useful in piles, edema and wounds, decoction effective ahainst lymphadema, chylurea and other effects of filariasis.

Leaves: Eye complaints.

Milky juice/latex: Antiseptic, astringent, applied to chapped hands and sore feet in pneuminia and swells of cheek.

Fruit: Eye complaints

Seed: Epistaxis and diarrhea. Part not specified: Cancer, cholera, colic diarrhea dysentery and menorrhagia, epilepsy and inflammatory swellings (Rastogi S., et al., 2006).

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{slider=Pharmacology Study}

Cardiotonic Activity

An ab-unsaturated lactone was isolated which when administered by i.v. route gave the LD₅₀ of 4.8 mg kg^-1 in white mice. Studies on isolated frog heart showed that it induces a positive ionoptropic effect in 10^-5 dilution and a systolic response

in 10^-4 dilution. Pronounced in vitro spasmodic effect of the compound was seen on the smooth muscles of the rabbit intestine and guinea pig uterus in those high dilutions. Pharmacological studies carried out have indicated that the drug has got definite action on myocardium (Gaitonde BB et al.,1964).

Antifilarial Activity:

The effect of aqueous and alcoholic extract of S. asper was also studied on the spontaneous movements of the whole worm and nerve-muscle preparation of Setaria cervi, the bovine filarial parasite, and on the survival of microfilariae in vitro. Aqueous as well as alcoholic extract caused inhibition of spontaneous motility of the whole worm and the nervemuscle preparation of S. cervi characterized by decreased tone, amplitude and rate of contractions. The concentration required to inhibit the movements of the nerve-muscle preparation was l/25 for aqueous and l/160 for alcoholic extract suggesting a cuticular permeability barrrier. The stimulatory

response of acetylcholine was blocked by alcoholic and not by aqueous extract of S. asper. Both alcoholic as well as aqueous extracts caused death of microfilariae in vitro, LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ being 90 and 33.5 ng ml^-1, respectively . The in vitro

effects of asperoside and strebloside on S. cervi females were also studied. Both asperoside and strebloside caused death of the worms within 2–3 h at concentrations of 10 g ml^-1 (1.7 pmol) and were found to inhibit motility and glucose uptake of the parasites at lower concentrations (0.1 g ml^-1; 0.17 pmol). These glycosides also inhibited the incorporation of [U-14] C-glucose into macromolecules of S. cervi females. The lethal effects of the glycosides were owing to effects on glucose metabolism. It was found that asperoside and strebloside interfere with the glutathione metabolism of the adult S. cervi, which cause disturbance in various vital activities of the parasites that ultimately results in the death of the parasites (Singh S.N. et al 1998).

Anti cancer Activity

Streblus asper has been reported to possess anticancer activity. KB cytotoxicity was found to be concentrated sequentially in the methanol and dichloromethane extracts of S. asper stem bark. Two cytotoxic cardiac glycosides, strebloside and mansonin, were isolated which displayed significant activity in KB cell culture system with ED₅₀ values of 0.035 and 0.042 mg ml^-1, respectively. An isolate is considered to be active in this system if it shows an ED₅₀ of ≤ 4 mg ml^-1 (23).The volatile oil from fresh leaves of S. asper showed significant anticancer activity (ED₅₀ << 30 mg ml^-1) from cytotoxicity primary screening tests with P388 (mouse lymphocytic leukemia) cells but no significant antioxidant  activity (IC₅₀ values >> 100 mg ml^-1) in a DPPH radical scavenging assay (Phutdhawong W. et al 2004: The components and anticaner activity of the volatile oil from Streblus asper. Flav. Frag J ., 19; 445-447.

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{slider=Toxicity Studies}

Brine Shrimps lethality bioassay method was established for the cytotoxicity study was reported in terms of 50 % lethality concentration (LC₅₀). Different concentrations of drug solutions were added to the Brine Shrimps were counted after 24h and 50 % lethlity concentration (LC₅₀) were assessed. Acute toxicity was studied on Swiss albino mice after single dose. Sub-chronic toxicity was performed for 28 days and assessed with biochemical and histopathological parameters. On cytotoxicity studies of brine shrimps it was found methanol estract of S. asper  was weakly toxic, may be due to the presence of cardiac glycosides and bioactive compounds, however petroleum ether extract of S. asper  was non toxic (Kumar R.B.S. et al 2011).

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{slider=Reference}

Gaitonde BB, Vaz AX, Patel JR. Chemical and pharmacological study of root bark of Streblus asper Linn. Indian J Med Sci 1964;18:191–9.

Kumar R.B.S. A. Puratchikodi, A. Prasanna, N. Dolai, P. Majumder, U.K. Mazumder and P.K. Haldar  (2011). Pre clinical studies of Streblus asper Lour in terms of behavioural safety and toxicity. Orient Pharm Exp Med. Dio 10.1007/s13596-011-0040-4 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/216033395

Phutdhawong W., Donchai A, Korth J., Pyne SG., Picha P., Ngamkham J., Buddhasukh D.,  (2004). The components and anticaner activity of the volatile oil from Strblus asper. Flav. Frag J ., 19; 445-447.

Singh SN, Raina D, Chatterjee RK, Srivastava AK.(1998). Antifilarial glycosides

of Streblus asper: effect on metabolism of adult Setaria cervi females.

Helminthologia ;35:173–7.

Subha Rastogi, Dinesh K. Kulshreshtha and Ajay Kumar Singh Rawat (2006). Streblus asper Lour. (Shakhotaka): A Review of its Chemical, Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Properties. Advance Access Publication 11 May 2006 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475940/pdf/nel018.pdf eCAM 2006;3(2)217–222 doi:10.1093/ecam/nel018

http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79114:streblus-asper-lour&catid=383:s

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